diseño computacional.
La Visiting School digitalMed 2014, promovida por Medaarch y Emwesoft Sevilla S.L.N.E, se celebrará en la ciudad de Sevilla, y tendrá como tema central la Smart City y el estudio de la interacción entre las personas y su entorno a través de objetos, dispositivos e infraestructuras.
Fecha limite de inscripción: 16/01/2014
info@emwesoft.com
OBJECTIVOS Adquirir la capacidad de gestionar flujos de datos en los que las ciudades están sumergidas, para insertar proyectos que sean útiles, contextualizados, poco invasivos y aptos a establecer un intercambio de informaciones con los usuarios.
El objetivo final es redactar un catálogo de proyectos que puedan formar parte de un contexto urbano y puedan delinear el perfil de las ciudades en las que viviremos en el futuro próximo.
METODOLOGÍA Metodología basada en el aprendizaje activo, en la puesta en práctica de métodos activos que estimulan y facilitan el intercambio de experiencias y puntos de vista entre el alumnado: Buscando la participación del alumno, planteando todas las cuestiones que considere necesarias a la hora de aclarar conceptos.
Fomentando el debate y la colaboración entre los participantes.
Dando respuesta a las dudas planteadas.
La metodología será presencial, lo cual permite un mayor acercamiento entre profesor y alumno, y en consecuencia una mayor asimilación de los conceptos.
PROGRAMA Los primeros días del taller serán dedicados a establecer definiciones comunes que nos permitan trabajar a partir de significados compartidos. En esta fase se tratarán temáticas que recurren a menudo en la práctica arquitectónica contemporánea, es decir el diseño computacional, la fabricación digital y los data driven. Los alumnos tendrán la posibilidad de aprender a usar software para el diseño paramétrico, como Rhinoceros y el plug-in Grasshopper, a través del conocimiento de dichos software, el alumno conseguirá competencias teóricas y técnicas, para un enfoque al diseño computacional.
PROFESORADO La formación será impartida por profesionales con amplio conocimiento y experiencia en el ámbito. Los tutores serán los arquitectos Amleto Picerno Ceraso y Francesca Viglione.
DURACIÓN TOTAL DEL TALLER
40 horas
QUIÉN PUEDE PARTICIPAR?
. Funcionarios con una actitud proactiva hacia la construcción de ciudades inteligentes;
. Académicos y estudiantes en áreas relacionadas con el desarrollo de proyectos y soluciones tecnológicas para ciudades digitales y ciudades inteligentes;
. Arquitectos;
. Ingenieros;
. Diseñadores;
. Profesionales de las tecnologías de información y con relación a el área de tecnología.
REQUISITOS BÁSICOS
- Conocimiento básico de Rhinoceros
- Inglés medio
*Disponibilidad de un intérprete español.
PRECIO y Tarifa especial
El cuesto del taller es de 500€.
También hay facilitacióno en caso de Inscripciones de grupo: para cada grupo formado por 5 inscriptos, que paguen en un única solución, el costo total será de 4 miembros y no 5 (una persona gratis)
DONDE
Emwesoft Sevilla S.L.N.E C/ Monte Carmelo 21, 41011 – Sevilla (España)
Teléfono: +34 (955) 224 524
Email: info@emwesoft.com
Internet: www.emwesoft.com …
nteraction in the design of an enclosed volume.
Revolutions have occurred through architectural history and vary widely in terms of design methods and fabrication techniques. Focusing on inspiring natural form‐finding techniques, AA Athens VS works towards producing a large‐scale interactive prototype that alters in real‐time the perception of interior space.
Technology and architecture are coupled for the third year in Athens with a novel agenda of transforming an enclosed area and creating internal contrasting city‐life characteristics that transcend the local conditions. In collaboration with the National Technical University of Athens, Cipher City: Revolutions explores participatory design and active engagement modeling and continues building novel prototypes upon horizontal planes.
The toolset includes mainly ‐among others‐ Rhino Grasshopper, Processing and Arduino platforms. With the completion of the Programme participants receive the AA Visiting School Certificate. In 2013, the design agenda of AA Athens will connect with the agenda of AA Greece VS in the city of Patras. Participation in both Programmes will allow for a more extensive learning experience through additional tools like Autodesk Maya, Autodesk 3D Studio Max and more.
Discounts
The AA offers several discount options for participants wishing to apply as a group or participants wishing to apply for both AA Athens and AA Greece Visiting Schools:
1. Standard application
The AA Visiting School requires a fee of £600 per participant, which includes a £60 Visiting Membership. If you are already a member, the total fee will be reduced automatically by £60 by the online payment system. Fees are non-refundable.
2. Group registration
For group applications, there will be a range of discounts depending on the number of people in the group. The discounted fee will be applied to each individual in the group.
1. 3-6 people group: £60 (AA Membership fee) + 540*0.75 = £465 (25 %)
2. 6-15 people group: £60 + 540*0.70 = £438 (30%)
3. more than 15 people group: £60 + 540*0.65 = £411 (35%)
3. Participants attending AA Greece VS and AA Athens VS | 40% discount
For people wishing to attend both AA Greece VS and AA Athens VS, a discount of 40% will be made for each participant. (The participant will pay the £60 membership fee only once.)
£60 (AA Membership fee) + (540*0.60)*2 = £708
Eligibility The workshop is open to architecture and design students and professionals worldwide.
Applications
The deadline for applications is 24 March 2014. A portfolio or CV is not required, only the online application form and payment. The online application can be reached from:
http://www.aaschool.ac.uk/STUDY/VISITING/athens
Contact:
Alexandros.Kallegias@aaschool.ac.uk…
s, the participants will focus on the key advantages of Grasshopper’s capabilities through a range of design challenges in order to aid designers in both their drafting tasks and modelling capabilities.
The workshop covers many concepts such as Object Attributes/Parameters, Data Types, Data Structures, and Designing with Algorithms. Specifically, this course will focus on understanding both Lists and Data Trees, as well as the best practices for integrating Grasshopper into your Professional Design Workflow. The workshop offers guided curriculum and continuous support, based on in-depth and professional learning experiences.
Workshop outcomes:Teach the participants how to:-
+ be proficient in parametric logics learning the key benefits of parametric techniques in architecture design workflow (when to use it & how to use it)+ Correctly communicate with different 3D and BIM packages in order to keep the geometry clean and light while preserving all NURBS information.+ Develop architecture design based on mathematical equations to create non-standard free form building skin.+ Create a pattern that changes dynamically based on specific inputs which can be applied over the building façade, interior walls or ceiling or even floor pattern.+ Automate and Optimize design variables to achieve the optimum solution for the design problem.
Program Outline:
DAY 1:-Introduction to Parametric Design -Introduction to Grasshopper & Rhino (technical tools).
DAY 2:-Exploring the parametric workflow. -Setup the design algorithm & generating a list of data.
DAY 3:-Introducing the new ways of generating parametric curves and surfaces.-Parametric form generation in-dept
DAY 4:-Introducing Data Tree logic and parametric transformations.-Creating Associative techniques – Attractors (points, curves and vectors).
DAY 5:-Working with advanced form generation with dynamic pattern.-Parametric optimization based on environmental analysis -featuring the Performance-Driven Design possibilities
DURATION:6 – 8 hours per day [50 - 60 hours Total]Every Saturday [9.00 Am : 1.00 Pm & 2.30 Pm : 6.00 Pm]
PREREQUISITES:No need of any specific knowledge of Rhinoceros or Grasshopper.
REGISTRATION:In order to register, you will need to fill the Registration Form .https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1PckdW1hrWs9fJAHWBZlVsuhH8K0PfDuMWIpXHT_4FYw/viewform
REGISTRATION DEADLINE:23th October 2014.…
Added by ayman wagdy at 7:48am on October 19, 2014
/ generative design methodologies and large scale digital fabrication tools. Concepts of natural formations, emergence, differentiation, and complexity shape the theoretical framework of this investigation.The programme is formulated as a two-phase process. During the initial phase participants benefit from the unique atmosphere of AA’s London home. The second phase shifts to AA Hooke Park and revolves around the fabrication and assembly of a full-scale architectural intervention.
Prominent Features of the workshop
Teaching team: Summer DLAB tutors are selected from recent graduates / current tutors at the AA.
Facilities: AA London houses cutting-edge facilities with digital fabrication techniques. The facilities at AA Hooke Park allow for the fabrication of 1-1 scale prototypes.
Computational skills: The toolset of Summer DLAB includes but is not limited to Rhinoceros, Processing, and Grasshopper.
Theoretical understanding: The dissemination of fundamental design techniques through theoretical sessions forms one of the major goals.
Professional awareness: Summer DLAB performs as a simulation of the professional environment due the priority given to team-based design approach.
Fabrication: According to the specific agenda of each year, a one-to-one scale prototype is fabricated and assembled by design teams.
Lecture series: Taking advantage of its unique location, London, Summer DLAB creates a vibrant atmosphere with its intense lecture programme.
Fees
The AA Visiting School requires a fee of £1900 per participant, which includes a £60 Visiting Membership fee. Train tickets between London-Hooke Park, accommodation & food in Hooke Park, and materials from Digital Prototyping Lab (DPL) are included in the fees.
Discounts
The AA offers discounts for participants wishing to apply as a group. Please contact: visitingschool@aaschool.ac.uk
Applications
Online application can be reached from:
https://www.aaschool.ac.uk/STUDY/ONLINEAPPLICATION/visitingApplication.php?schoolID=271
A CV / portfolio is not required. The deadline for applications is 14 July 2014.
More information can be reached from:
https://www.aaschool.ac.uk/STUDY/VISITING/summerdlab
http://summerdlab.aaschool.ac.uk/
Contact details:
visitingschool@aaschool.ac.uk…
y anyway ;))
Since 2014 i begun to get back into the construction biz for some dozen main reasons, one of them being the highly increased availability of this kind of software "power", and robotics.
first project ended by 1stQ 2015 was focused on the development of a parametric block for construction. (almost sure the first parametric product designed in Uruguay, and probably one of the few first of this kind globally...)
Far from being a complicated model. In fact the standard model is extremely simple, key thing is that is fully parametric...
dimensions, materials, textures, colors... and so on
second key thing is that the main common component of the blocks (an EPS core) is robotically machined...
the blocks are the base of a construction system (oriented mainly - though not restricted only - to residential buildings) that
- is based on digital models, tendentially to be used in parametric models of buidings
- lab tested to prove to be 1.5 times as compression resistant than traditional bricks and blocks. (autoportability up to two stories buildings)
- has recently proved (due to size) to be 300% more efficient than the classic and 200% more efficient than steel frame in (our country official figures)
check it out here
--
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1TRxxgF_sEnQnZrTkZGbUx3cmM/view
--
- and it's aimed to be mass produced and handled by robots...
this project ended on 1H 2016
and i filed 4 patents in the process.
3 of them of mechanical devices designed as extensions for a cnc machine i own
and the fourth (
the patent related specifically with the blocks ) included a dozen of innovations (believe me...i have almost 15 yrs in the biz, and are coool stuff...)
along the project I've been working with inventor, even knowing in advance it will lack the kind of features I wanted to program many things... (lisp, VB, etc.... all same species of -prehistoric - animals) to leverage the tool to the sky - and far beyond... -
but was an alternative valid by that time because it allows the implementation of some form of parametric models, had a local representative and some supposedly skilled guys in the neibourhood....
but life is hard... and none of the latter two rendered me any significant help
so I had to take the tour myself...
- mind i never regret to do things that others cant -
and finish what i start
this one was a great project for many figures... and ended with more results than the ones commited to accomplish...
... some more history here ....
then because of a customer who brought a ZHA project ! to quote..., I crossed with rhino, and then met GH again to notice to my great joy and pleasure, in what kind of animal it had developed...
since money talks I'm investing hard on getting up to the expectations, and beyond as i usually do...
and thats how we met..
2017-2018 it's the time frame to build two robots. first one is a prototype to handle the k-nano blocks in the production process, delivery AND at the construction site ( a "smart crane" we nicknamed...)
the other one is the first prototype of robot to assist in the fabrication (smart blocker we called it to be creative ! ;))
then by 2018-2019 i'll be making a "kinda contour crafter" machine to complete the pie :) (you'll be interested on this..)
i guess you already know what all this has to do with GH...
i already have all the components i can imagine to do almost all i ever wanted to do in relation to this set of projects
but in almost a single tool !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
i can design, animate, render, optimize, simulate and even robotic simulate..
so, i have to ask...
is there a chance you might be interested in helping us in some projects we are starting on march and june 2017 (8 and no more than 18 months of duration respectively) ?
sent you a friend request, for the case you might be interested to continue by e-mail...
in any case many thanks for your help and inspiration !
best regards !
long happy marriage, and large figures bank account !
…
思った感じになりません。
balls の代わりにplanarカーブを直接入れてみましたがエラーが出ます。
ファンクションにしてみたところ、forループので作った数値が反映されていません。
ファンクションのインスタンス?を出力していないと思い上記のようにしましたがエラーが出てしまいます。
以上の事から自分の認識が正しいのかよくわからなくなりました・・・
python自体の深いところをわかっているわけではないので余計こんがらがりました。
そこで、for b in ballsはどのような条件または使い方であれば使えるのでしょうか?
そして、上記のように別のオブジェクトに対しての使い方はどのようにすればできるのでしょうか?
2:同じファンクション内のdist = rs.Distance(self.pos,b.pos)についてですが
この文章も for b in balls によってbはBallのインスタンスであると定義?されたためb.posがbの位置であると分かるのでしょうか?
pythonは定義しなくても動いてしまうのでどのような時に使えるのか文章見ただけではよくわかりません・・・
大変細かいことかもしれませんが、よりpythonをしっかりと理解するためにも、どなたかわかる方ご教授いただけると幸いです。…
ve Intermediate Insight of Computational Design Strategies While Exploring Rangoli Art form in 2 Dimension and 3Dimesion in which Participants will not only be trained to Digitally Design using Parametric software's but they will also be trained to Fabricate them in reality.
This Course will be explored in manner where Participants will understand inter-dependency of Rhinoceros3D & Grasshoper3D through a unique Hybrid Teaching Method While Exploring Rangoli Geometry .
The course will also take participants through Topics such as - Computational Thinking, - Computational / Parametric Design, - Computational Rangoli Exploration, - Digital Fabrication, - 3D Visualization ( Rhino3D 6), - Making Info-graphics & Design Diagrams ( Rhino3d 6 ).
Participants will also be doing a Project at the last Leg of Workshop in which they will implement the skill they gained in first Few Weeks.
{ Tutor } Nitant Pixelkar (Computational Artist / Designer, Mumbai)
Nitant Hirlekar A.k.a. Pixelkar, is a Computational Artist. He graduated from Rachana Sansad school of Interior Design 2011, Mumbai. In Academics He Bagged Two Gold and One Silver Medal on National Level.
In his post academic days, he came across the Emerging Computational Techniques in Design industry in which Algorithm serves as a main Functional part. He uses Algorithms to Deconstruct the Captured images in Pixelated form using the Grid of the Desired Indian Art Forms.
He Heads Collective Group Named "Mutation Lab” which is a multidisciplinary Design & Art Cell. Where they Explore Computational Approach while Designing Various Scales Spatial Installation, Digital Fabrication, Interactive Installations and Computational Consultancy for Various Architects.
He has exhibited his first artwork in Kalaghoda Arts Festival for in 2014 And further in 2016 and 2017.In 2015 he exhibited in Dharavi Biennale” organized by Wellcome Trust,London & Sneha Organisation, Mumbai Which was internationally acclaimed. In 2016 he got Featured on a TV show - The Creative Indian's as an Absolut Creative Indian of the Week.
Academically he is been involved in Many Computational Design Workshops / Elective Studios for School of Interior Design (Rachna Sansad), LS Raheja College of Architecture & Rat-Lab (Delhi).
{ Participants } The Course is aimed at Architecture, Interior Design, Product Design,Furniture Design & Fashion Design Students and Professionals. However we would be thrilled to have any Interdisciplinary Artist / Creator/ Maker to join the Course as well.
{ Level }
Intermediate
{ Timing } Monday To Friday - 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM (15 Hours/ Week = 5 Week X 15 Hours = 75 Hours )
{ Dates } Registration Ends - 24th April 2020 **Subejct to Availablity
{ Workshop Dates } 4th May 2020 To 5th June 2020
{ Venue } Lower Parel,Mumbai ( Details To Be Announced )
{ Schedule }
{Registration Form}…
nts for Ladybug too. They are based on PVWatts v1 online calculator, supporting crystalline silicon fixed tilt photovoltaics.
You can download them from here, or use the Update Ladbybug component instead. If you take the first option, after downloading check if .ghuser files are blocked (right click -> "Properties" and select "Unblock").
You can download the example files from here.
Video tutorials will follow in the coming period.
In the very essence these components help you answer the question: "How much energy can my roof, building facade, solar parking... generate if I would populate them with PV panels"?
They allow definition of different types of losses (snow, age, shading...) which may affect your PV system:
And can find its optimal tilt and orientation:
Or analyse its performance, energy value, consumption, emissions...
By Djordje Spasic and Jason Sensibaugh, with invaluable support of Dr. Frank Vignola, Dr. Jason M. Keith, Paul Gilman, Chris Mackey, Mostapha Sadeghipour Roudsari, Niraj Palsule, Joseph Cunningham and Christopher Weiss.
Thank you for reading, and hope you will enjoy using the components!
EDIT: From march 27 2017, Ladybug Photovoltaics components support thin-film modules as well.
References:
1) System losses:
PVWatts v5 Manual, Dobos, NREL, 2014
2) Sun postion equations by Michalsky (1988):
SAM Photovoltaic Model Technical Reference, Gilman, NREL, 2014
edited by Jason Sensibaugh
3) Angle of incidence for fixed arrays:
PVWatts Version 1 Technical Reference, Dobos, NREL, 2013
4) Plane-of-Array diffuse irradiance by Perez 1990 algorithm:
PVPMC Sandia National Laboratories
SAM Photovoltaic Model Technical Reference, Gilman, NREL, 2014
5) Sandia PV Array Performance Module Cover:
PVWatts Version 1 Technical Reference, Dobos, NREL, 2013
6) Sandia Thermal Model, Module Temperature and Cell Temperature Models:
Photovoltaic Array Performance Model, King, Boys, Kratochvill, Sandia National Laboratories, 2004
7) CEC Module Model: Maximum power voltage and Maximum power current from:
Exact analytical solutions of the parameters of real solar cells using Lambert W-function, Jain, Kapoor, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, V81 2004, P269–277
8) PVFORM version 3.3 adapted Module and Inverter Models:
PVWatts Version 1 Technical Reference, Dobos, NREL, 2013
9) Sunpath diagram shading:
Using sun path charts to estimate the effects of shading on PV arrays, Frank Vignola, University of Oregon, 2004
Instruction manual for the Solar Pathfinder, Solar Pathfinder TM, 2008
10) Tilt and orientation factor:
Application for Purchased Systems Oregon Department of Energy
solmetric.com
11) Photovoltaics performance metrics:
Solar PV system performance assessment guideline, Honda, Lechner, Raju, Tolich, Mokri, San Jose state university, 2012
CACHE Modules on Energy in the Curriculum Solar Energy, Keith, Palsule, Mississippi State University
Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) Version 2.0, Hammond, Jones, SERT University of Bath, 2011
The Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROI) of Photovoltaics: Methodology and Comparisons with Fossil Fuel Life Cycles, Raugei, Fullana-i-Palmer, Fthenakis, Elsevier Vol 45, Jun 2012
12) Calculating albedo: Metenorm 6 Handbook part II: Theory, Meteotest 2007
13) Magnetic declination:
Geomag 0.9.2015, Christopher Weiss…
2: https://vimeo.com/107502226
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Hi all,
1. Chris, Chien Si and I will present Ladybug and Honeybee at IBSA-USA NYC this Thursday (August 21st). The presentation will include some of the latest developments that we are working on. If you are interested to know more about some of the new developments and see some of the workflows and you are around New York then just stop by. If can't attend in person you can still watch the presentation online. Check the links below. (Make sure to register by Wednesday if you are attending in person.)
2. We would like to show some of the works that you have done with Honeybee and Ladybug during the presentation so if there is anything that you think is interesting and can be presented publicly send it to us at thisisladybug@gmail.com or just post it here. Make sure to let us know who do you want us to credit the image.
3. That's it for now. I copy the information about the presentation below and hope to see some of you there. Thanks for your help and support.
Cheers,
Mostapha
IBPSA-USA New York Regional Chapter presents:
Parametric Modeling Tools | Ladybug and Honeybee
Location: Thornton Tomasetti, 44 East 27th street (between Madison and Park)
Date & Time: Thursday, August 21, 2014 - 6:00-7:30 PM.
6:00-6:30 PM Networking
6:30-7:30 PM Ladybug and Honeybee
Mostapha Sadeghipour Roudsari, Thornton Tomasetti
Chris Mackey, MIT
Chien Si Harriman, Terabuild
7:30-7:45 PM Q & A
Click here to register**: https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/6507378565592582402
**Please register at least a day in advance if you wish to attend in person
Descriptions
Ladybug + Honeybee
Ladybug and Honeybee are open source environmental plugins for Grasshopper that help architects and engineers create an environmentally-conscious architectural design.
Ladybug imports standard EnergyPlus Weather files (.EPW) into Grasshopper and provides a variety of 3D interactive graphics to support the decision-making process during the initial stages of design. The plugin also provides further support for designers as they test their initial design options with radiation, sunlight-hour, and shading analyses. Integration with Grasshopper allows for an almost instantaneous feedback and, since the plugin runs within the design environment, the information and analyses are interactive.
Honeybee connects Grasshopper3D to EnergyPlus, Radiance, Daysim and OpenStudio for building energy and daylighting simulation. The Honeybee project intends to make many of the features of these simulation tools available in a parametric way. Just as users have made changes to geometry for years in Grasshopper, now users can parameterize system types, zoning schemes, schedules of operation, daylight sensor placement and controls - all of the “hardcore” simulation parameters that have never been exposed to parametric modeling tools.
https://www.facebook.com/LadyBugforGrasshopper http://www.grasshopper3d.com/group/ladybug
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1)
Hi Clemens I've analysed a plate structure using Karamba and wanted to do a convergence analysis on results computed as a function of the number of elements.
Now, when strictly looking at the result magnitudes of internal energy (IE) and maximum displacement (w_max), it's acceptable, that their relative deviations are very small. But I cannot explain the tendencies of their graphs. From what I know, FEM should always compute underestimated results when compared to analytical solutions. So I don't understand why both the IE and w_max seem to be decreasing for an increasing number of elements.
But my main concern is the behaviour of the peak moment, it seems to be simply hill climbing untill suddenly a singularity kicks in. I initially wanted to use the peak moment as a fitness value for optimisation, but with this behaviour, I don't think that would make sense. I've attached my GH file as well.
It would be much appreciated if you could enlighten me on these subjects. Cheers Daniel Andersen
2)
Hi Daniel,
I could not run your definition because I have not all the plug-ins installed that you use.
You are basically right that the displacement should increase with a finer mesh. However the result of the shell analysis also depends on the shape of the triangles (well formed vs. very distorted). In order to test this, I think it would be interesting to use a very simple example (e.g. rectangular plate with one column) where you can easily control mesh generation. Would you like to start a discussion on this in the karamba group at http://www.grasshopper3d.com/group/karamba?
It is not a good idea to use the bending moment at a singularity for optimization because the result will be heavily mesh dependent. Also real columns do have a certain diameter and modeling them as point supports introduces an error.
Best,
Clemens
3)
oh, and by the way!
Here's some relevant literature on handling peak moments: https://books.google.dk/books?id=-5TvNxnVMmgC&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=blaauwendraad+plates+and+fem&source=bl&ots=SdDcwnrSA1&sig=6HulPmKNIhqKx4_rGxitteMC4CU&hl=da&sa=X&ved=0CDEQ6AEwA2oVChMIg66k0LPaxgIVgY1yCh1KPAeY#v=onepage&q=chapter%2014&f=false (Blaauwendraad, J., 2010. Plates and FEM : Surprises and Pitfalls, see Chapter 14) It would be great if a feature dealing with peak moments could be incorporated in Karamba. In my work, I ended up exporting my models to Robot in order to verify the moment values. Best, Daniel
4)
Hi Daniel,
thank you for your reply and the link to Blaauwendraads excellent book!
At some point I hope to include material nonlinearity in Karamba which will help in dealing with stress singularities.
If you want you could open a discussion with a title like 'moment peaks in shells at point-supports'. Then we could copy and paste the text of our conversation into it.
Best,
Clemens
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